Mar 01 2021 Mpulungu Virus: A glimpse into Africa's novel tick-borne flavivirus

We report the discovery of Mpulungu virus (MPFV), a novel tick flavivirus, identified in a tick species from Zambia. The complete genome sequence of MPFV was determined and found to be closely related to the Ngoye virus from Senegal, suggesting that this group of viruses may be widespread across Africa. This expands the known geographical distribution and genetic diversity of flaviviruses. Despite unsuccessful attempts to isolate MPFV in cell culture and neonatal mice, the study employed a predictive analysis based on dinucleotide ratios, which suggested that MPFV might infect vertebrate hosts similar to other tick-borne flaviviruses (TBFVs), potentially posing a public health risk.

The study further delved into the genetic details of MPFV, focusing on the untranslated regions (UTRs) of the viral genome that are crucial for viral translation and replication. The 5′-UTR of MPFV showed a typical flavivirus structure, suggesting similar RNA synthesis processes. However, the 3′-UTR displayed some unique characteristics, differing from known TBFVs in terms of sequence composition, length, and secondary structures.

The study identified two exoribonuclease-resistant RNA (xrRNA) structures in the 3′-UTR of MPFV that achieve resistance to an enzyme called Xrn1, which is typically involved in degrading viral RNA. The presence of multiple xrRNA structures in MPFV's 3′-UTR was also noted to potentially contribute to the production of subgenomic flavivirus RNA (sfRNA). Past studies have suggested that xrRNA structures play a significant role in the viral life cycle and pathogenicity.

The discovery of MPFV in Zambia and its potential relation to Ngoye virus in Senegal points towards a need for comprehensive surveillance of flaviviruses across diverse ecosystems. By identifying and understanding the genetic makeup and host range of such viruses, preventive measures can be implemented to mitigate potential public health risks. This study highlights the necessity of integrated efforts and knowledge sharing among health professionals, veterinarians, and environmental scientists to enhance our preparedness and response to emerging infectious diseases. In light of these findings, employing the One Health approach becomes imperative to comprehensively address and understand the complexities and potential implications of emerging flaviviruses like MPFV.